Lesson 6 understanding conductor insulation and nec specifications

common objects, students will discover both conductors and insulators of electricity. The knowledge of conductors and insulators can be extended to discussion on the travels of electricity and electric safety. Finally, this hands-on lesson allows students to use the scientific process to hypothesize, test, and compare results.

Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 6 Understanding Conductor Insulation And Nec Specifications Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 7 Introduction To Wiring Devices Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 6 Understanding Conductor Insulation And Nec Specifications Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 7 Introduction To Wiring Devices ... Blueprints Level 1: Lesson 5 Using Blueprints Specifications, Elevations …Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Project or job specifications are defined as ? under which all work must be performed., Division 0 (Sections 00020 through 00830) of the Commercial Specifications, titled ? , outlines the scope of work and contract requirements as well as describes characteristics of the …MV Standard Description. IEC 60502-2. Cables with extruded insulation with voltage rating between 6kV and 30kV. BS6622. Armoured cable with PVC outer sheathing and voltage rating from 3.3/6kV to 19/33kV. BS7835. Armoured cable with LSZH outer sheathing and voltage rating from 3.3/6kV to 19/33kV. BS7870-4.10.Mar 28, 2022 · Assignments: 1. Homework assignments (1-2 sets per week) 2. Quizzes and examinations (4-6 per semester) 3. Class performances and field work (on-the-job demonstrations) of skill development, safety practices, equipment, and material handling. Methods of Evaluation/Basis of Grade. Writing: Assessment tools that demonstrate writing skill and/or ... Study Code, Standards, and Practices 1, Based on the 2020 NEC Online Materials: Lesson 4 Understanding and Applying Article 110 of the NEC II flashcards from Jesus Felix's class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. Learn faster with spaced repetition. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which NEC article covers "Branch Circuits"?, Which NEC article covers "Grounding and Bonding"?, Which NEC article covers "Switches"? and more.

common objects, students will discover both conductors and insulators of electricity. The knowledge of conductors and insulators can be extended to discussion on the travels of …Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 6 Understanding Conductor Insulation And Nec Specifications Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 7 Introduction To Wiring Devices basic concepts related to conductors and insulators that are covered in introductory physics courses [82]. Liu’s research also shows that graduate students struggle with conductors …1 / 32 Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by lg508495 Terms in this set (32) A conductress having no covering or electrical insulant whichever is defined in the NEC as …See Figure 6 for the different diameters of a 4/0 AWG conductor with four different insulation types. Table 5 from Chapter 9 of the NEC gives the approximate diameters and areas of different types of conductors, a portion of which is presented as Table 7 in this document, which shows THHW, THHN, THWN, and XHHW. 6’. The design of a substation ground grid starts with choosing a site location where good _____ is present. Earth. The average temperature generation by exothermic welding is ____ degrees f. 4000. Study Lesson 6 flashcards. Create flashcards for FREE and quiz yourself with an interactive flipper.

A conductor is a material that allows electrons to flow freely through it, making it useful for carrying electric current. An insulatoris a material that resists the flow of electrons, so it …Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 5 General Building Wire Properties And The Nec Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 6 Understanding Conductor Insulation And Nec SpecificationsElectrical Code. Bend radius restrictions are dependent on the size of the cable and the type of sheath, i.e. smooth, interlocked armour, corrugated sheath or shielded conductors, and varies from 7 to 15 times cable external diameter. NEC Article 330 requires that approved fittings be used for termination. Where single-conductorNational Electrical Code (NEC) Table 310.104(C) is titled “Conductor Application and Insulation Rated 2,001V or Higher.” For MV solid dielectric cables, there are two basic types of insulation: thermoplastic and thermosetting. Thermoplastic is a heat-resistant plastic compound manufactured from polyvinyl chloride (PVC).Where a Chapter 6 article applies for special equipment, Chapters 1 through 4 still apply to the special equipment. A submersible luminaire is installed in a fountain with 20 feet of exposed cord in the fountain. Individual office furnishings of the free-standing type that do not exceed 9.0 meters (30 ft.) when assembled shall be permitted to ...

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•Plastic as an insulator -Electric wires are always covered in plastic or other insulators that doesn't allow electricity to flow through them. We say that these wires are insulated. •Examples of insulated items: Rubber gloves, plastic-coated pliers, plastic-coated adaptors, ceramic insulators 5Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 6 Understanding Conductor Insulation And Nec Specifications Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 7 Introduction To Wiring Devices Studying the Bible can be a daunting task, especially if you’re just starting out. But with free printable KJV Bible study lessons, you can unlock the riches of God’s Word and gain a deeper understanding of scripture.Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 6 Understanding Conductor Insulation And Nec Specifications Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 7 Introduction To Wiring Devices © 2023 Chillicothe News Constitution-Tribune, a CherryRoad Media Newspaper. All rights reserved.Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 6 Understanding Conductor Insulation And Nec Specifications Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 7 Introduction To Wiring Devices

The common factors that can contribute to conductor insulation degradation because of excessive operating temperature are the ____ temperature in which the conductor insulation shall operate, the ____ heat created in the conductor as a result of current flow, the dissipation rate of the heat into the surrounding environment, and the heat generated by adjacent current-carrying conductors. Wordly Wise 3000® Level 6, Lesson 6. 15 terms. EPS_WordlyWise3000 According to NEC NTC 2050 the minimun size for use in Tray Cables must be 1/0 AWG for phase conductors, and 4 AWG for grounding conductors. 6. Data herein indicated are approximated and are subject to normal manuracturing tolerances. STRANDS No. SIZE AWG / kcmil STRANDING CLASS SECTION (mm2) CONDUCTOR DIAMETER (mm) …Mar 1, 2022 · Starting with the 2020 cycle, all the requirements for conductors from zero to 2,000 volts are included in Article 310, and the requirements and ampacity tables for conductors over 2000 volts have been incorporated into a new Article 311. There is a lot of information to cover with the changes within Article 310. Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 6 Understanding Conductor Insulation And Nec Specifications Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 7 Introduction To Wiring Devices We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.110.6 Conductor Sizes. Conductor sizes are expressed in American Wire Gage (AWG) or in circular mils. 110.7 Wiring Integrity. ... For motors marked with design letters B, C, or D, conductors having an insulation rating of 75°C (167°F) or higher shall be permitted to be used, provided the ampacity of such conductors does not exceed the 75°C (167°F) …Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 6 Understanding Conductor Insulation And Nec Specifications Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 7 Introduction To Wiring Devices ... Blueprints Level 1: Lesson 5 Using Blueprints Specifications, Elevations …Code, Standards, and practices 3 – 2020, Lesson 1 Quiz Since a short-circuit condition resulting in fault current is of relatively low current magnitude compared to an overload current, removal of the fault current within seconds or minutes will generally prevent damage to the conductor or equipment. o False. o False.These conductors are constructed with a material that has been _____? by the NEC as a(an)_____? electrical insulation. A Identified; Recognized. 6 Q ... The common factors that can contribute to conductor insulation degradation because of excessive operating temperature are the _____? temperature in which the conductor insulation shall …The highest risk for injury from electrical hazards for other workers involve unintentional contact with overhead power lines and electric shock from machines, tools, and appliances. (B) Workplaces Not Covered. This standard does not cover safety-related work practices for the following: (1) Installations in ships, watercraft other than floating buildings, railway …

common objects, students will discover both conductors and insulators of electricity. The knowledge of conductors and insulators can be extended to discussion on the travels of electricity and electric safety. Finally, this hands-on lesson allows students to use the scientific process to hypothesize, test, and compare results.

Study Code, Standards, and Practices 1, Based on the 2020 NEC Online Materials: Lesson 6 Understanding Conductor Insulation and NEC Specifications flashcards from Jesus …Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 6 Understanding Conductor Insulation And Nec Specifications Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 7 Introduction To Wiring DevicesCode, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 6 Understanding Conductor Insulation And Nec Specifications Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 7 Introduction To Wiring Devices Nov 10, 2020 · • 1000m for 3 conductor products • 3000m for single conductor products • 12-20+ week leadtimes • If you have a smaller project or long lead times don’t work, your best CSA product bets are: • 3 conductor HVTECK –TRXLPE insulation / 133% insulation level • Single conductor CSA MV105 stocked in the US in large quantities Type XHHW conductors are listed for use in ? location (s). −2. Listed wire types designated with the suffix ? shall be permitted to be used at a continuous 90°C operating temperature in both wet and dry locations. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Utilization/ effects, Heat/ Electrical Insulation, Specific ...Wordly Wise 3000® Level 6, Lesson 6. 15 terms. EPS_WordlyWise3000The National Electrical Code and, very specifically, NEC Code Making Panel 15 (CMP-15) has jurisdiction over all electrical installation requirements for health care facilities. A good way of looking at the two different codes is that NFPA 99 is a performance document, as far as the electrical requirements for health care is concerned, and the ...1 / 32 Flashcards Learn Test Match Q-Chat Created by lg508495 Terms in this set (32) A conductor having no covering or electrical insulation whatsoever is defined in the NEC as a (n) ? conductor. bare A conductor meeting the definition of a covered conductor is not considered an insulated conductor. trueStudy Code, Standards, and Practices 1, Based on the 2020 NEC Online Materials: Lesson 1 An Introduction to the National Electrical Code flashcards from Jesus Felix's class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. Learn faster with spaced repetition.Flashcards Lesson 6: Understanding Conductor Insulation and NEC Specifications | Quizlet. Log in. Sign up. Get a hint. A conductor having no covering or electrical insulation whatsoever is defined in the NEC as a (n) ? conductor.

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Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A conductor having no covering or electrical insulation whatsoever is defined in the NEC as a(n) ? conductor., …basic concepts related to conductors and insulators that are covered in introductory physics courses [82]. Liu’s research also shows that graduate students struggle with conductors …Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 6 Understanding Conductor Insulation And Nec Specifications Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 7 Introduction To Wiring DevicesCode, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 6 Understanding Conductor Insulation And Nec Specifications Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 7 Introduction To Wiring DevicesNo insulation is perfect; even new insulation will have some leakage current, albeit small. This leakage current will increase as the insulation ages. It also will worsen when the insulation is wet or contaminated. The "conduction or leakage current" shown in Fig. 6 is a graphical representation of leakage current. Notice that it starts at zero ...The Code is an engineer’s design and specification manual. b. The Code is not intended to be a textbook for people without a working knowledge of the Code. ... Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 4 Understanding And Applying Article 110 Of The Nec Ii Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The …Study Code, Standards, and Practices 1, Based on the 2020 NEC Online Materials: Lesson 6 Understanding Conductor Insulation and NEC Specifications flashcards from Jesus Felix's class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. Learn faster with spaced repetition. Code, Standards, and Practices 1, Based on the 2020 NEC Online ...An installation requirement to help ensure specifications are met and to verify proper hookup; A periodic preventive maintenance task; and; A troubleshooting tool. ... you must maintain consistency. Why? Because electrical insulation will exhibit dynamic behavior during the course of your test; whether the dielectric is "good" or "bad." To …10.4. What is the difference between insulation types THW and THWN? THWN has a nylon jacket. Listed wire types designated with the suffix ? shall be permitted to be used at a continuous 90°C operating temperature in both wet and dry locations. −2. Study S4 Lesson 11 flashcards. Create flashcards for FREE and quiz yourself with an interactive ...Learn conductors insulators with free interactive flashcards. Choose from 500 different sets of conductors insulators flashcards on Quizlet.Most general building wires used in electrical distribution systems are made of soft-drawn copper. Select one: a. assemblies. b. distribution systems. c. jackets. d. management systems. a. assemblies. Aluminum conductors have been used extensively for a number of years in the utility distribution and transmission field. ….

38 Understanding and Applying Article 110 of the NEC II Code & Practices-1 (J231.H) 3 39 Interpreting the Language of the NEC-Article 100 Code & Practices-1 (J231.H) 4 40 General Building Wire Properties and the NEC Code & Practices-1 (J231.H) 5 41 Understanding Conductor Insulation and NEC Specifications Code & Practices-1 (J231.H) 6Mar 1, 2022 · Starting with the 2020 cycle, all the requirements for conductors from zero to 2,000 volts are included in Article 310, and the requirements and ampacity tables for conductors over 2000 volts have been incorporated into a new Article 311. There is a lot of information to cover with the changes within Article 310. 1 pt. What are Conductors? A conductor is a material that allows electric charge to move through it as an electric current. Usually the charge is carried by electrons, and the conductor is a metal. an insulator. an conductor. A material or an object that does not easily allow heat, electricity, light, or sound to pass through it. Air, cloth and ...Course Lessons: 1. Developing NEC Skills 2. The National Electrical Code Process 3. The Arrangement of the NEC 4. The Structure of the NEC 5. The Language of the NEC 6. Codeology Fundamentals 7. Article 90 Introduction 8. Applying the NEC's "GENERAL" hapter 9. Applying the NEC's "PLAN" hapter 10. Applying the NEC's "UILD" hapter 11.Article 300 of the National Electrical Code (NEC) contains the general requirements for wiring methods and materials for power and lighting [Sec. 300.1(A)]. It includes the general requirements for all wiring methods included in the NEC but does not apply to twisted-pair cable and coaxial cable (covered in Chapters 7 and 8) unless Art. …TW thermoplastic insulated conductors are typical of early 1960s to mid-1970s installations. While the longevity of the insulation is not suspect like cloth insulated wire, it still has limitations compared to modern THHN/THWN conductors. While TW typically has thicker insulation than THHN/THWN, it is only rated to 60°C.Article 517 of the 2020 National Electrical Code (NEC), entitled Health Care Facilities, ... Determining the type of electrical conductor insulation in the supply circuit and how the equipment grounding system is installed, while using a leakage detection system as described in 517.160, ensures a warning is provided when the leakage current is at or …Study Code, Standards, and Practices 1, Based on the 2020 NEC Online Materials: Lesson 2 Interpreting the Language of the NEC—Article 100 flashcards from Jesus Felix's class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. Learn faster with spaced repetition.2. Interpreting the Language of the NEC—Article 100 3. Understanding and Applying Article 110 of the NEC 4. Understanding and Applying Article 110 of the NEC II 5. General Building Wire Properties and the NEC 6. Understanding Conductor Insulation and NEC Specifications 7. Introduction to Wiring Devices 8. Lesson 6 understanding conductor insulation and nec specifications, IA Rugby.com, Conductor insulation must be suitable for any substance to which it may be exposed that may detrimentally affect the conductor’s insulation (e.g., oil, vapor, gases, fumes, liquids) [310.10(G)]. ... we perform cable testing to predict failure and replace conductors while they’re still within design specifications. Conductor insulation …, Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. Humanities & Social Studies. Food & Beverage. 1st Year Apprenticeship Final (Cumulative) > Job Information Level 1: Lesson 2 The Workplace of an Electrical Worker > Flashcards., Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 6 Understanding Conductor Insulation And Nec Specifications Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 7 Introduction To Wiring Devices , Wordly Wise 3000® Level 6, Lesson 6. 15 terms. EPS_WordlyWise3000, For these requirements, we must consult section 110.14 (C) for termination temperature limitations. These requirements help us determine the final current carrying capacity of our conductors so that they can safely handle the circuit current without damage to the insulation from excess heat. Section 110.14 (C) (1) is split up into two scenarios., Learn conductors insulators with free interactive flashcards. Choose from 500 different sets of conductors insulators flashcards on Quizlet., An Introduction to the National Electrical Code 2. Interpreting the Country of the NEC—Article 100 3. Understandings and Applying Article 110 of the NEC (Part I) 4. Understanding and Applying Article 110 of and NO (Part II) 5. Generals Building Wire Properties and the NEC 6. Understandable Conductor Insulation and NEC Item 7., •Plastic as an insulator -Electric wires are always covered in plastic or other insulators that doesn't allow electricity to flow through them. We say that these wires are insulated. •Examples of insulated items: Rubber gloves, plastic-coated pliers, plastic-coated adaptors, ceramic insulators 5, Mathematics is a subject that can be challenging for many students. Whether you’re struggling to keep up with your coursework or looking to improve your understanding of mathematical concepts, online maths lessons can be a great way to enha..., What Are Conductors? In simple terms, an electrical conductor is defined as materials that allow electricity to flow through them easily. This property of conductors that allow them to conduct electricity is known as conductivity.. The flow of electrons in a conductor is known as the electric current.The force required to make that current flow through the …, Lesson 6: Understanding Conductor Insulation and NEC Specifications ... A conductor having no covering or electrical insulation whatsoever is defined in the NEC as a ..., job info 2 lesson 4 identifying commonly used electrical materials ..., Here is the shortlist of all the types of insulation used in residential properties: Insulation Type 1: Blanket insulation (batts and rolls). Most common insulation type, made out of fiberglass, used in walls, attics, floors. Typical R-value of about 3.2 per inch. Insulation Type 2: Concrete block insulation., 1st Year Apprenticeship Final (Cumulative) Orientation Level 1: Lesson 1 How To Study This Course And Achieve Your Personal Goals. Orientation Level 1: Lesson 2 The Attributes Of An Ibew/Neca Apprenticeship. Orientation Level 1: Lesson 3 Knowing Your Apprenticeship And Your Responsibilities. Orientation Level 1: Lesson 4 The Ibew And Its History., Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 6 Understanding Conductor Insulation And Nec Specifications Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 7 Introduction To Wiring Devices ... Blueprints Level 1: Lesson 5 Using Blueprints Specifications, Elevations …, Understanding standards ; Understanding standards. ... For example, close to 80% of European electrical and electronic standards are in fact IEC International Standards. On the other side, regulations are rules or directives that are made and maintained by a national or regional authority. Generally, compliance with regulations is a must. ... Technical …, Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 5 General Building Wire Properties And The Nec Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 6 Understanding Conductor Insulation And Nec Specifications, 10.4. What is the difference between insulation types THW and THWN? THWN has a nylon jacket. Listed wire types designated with the suffix ? shall be permitted to be used at a continuous 90°C operating temperature in both wet and dry locations. −2. Study S4 Lesson 11 flashcards. Create flashcards for FREE and quiz yourself with an interactive ..., Mar 1, 2022 · Starting with the 2020 cycle, all the requirements for conductors from zero to 2,000 volts are included in Article 310, and the requirements and ampacity tables for conductors over 2000 volts have been incorporated into a new Article 311. There is a lot of information to cover with the changes within Article 310. , An installation requirement to help ensure specifications are met and to verify proper hookup; A periodic preventive maintenance task; and; A troubleshooting tool. ... you must maintain consistency. Why? Because electrical insulation will exhibit dynamic behavior during the course of your test; whether the dielectric is "good" or "bad." To …, Study Code, Standards, and Practices 1, Based on the 2020 NEC Online Materials: Lesson 2 Interpreting the Language of the NEC—Article 100 flashcards from Jesus Felix's class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. Learn faster with spaced repetition. , Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 6 Understanding Conductor Insulation And Nec Specifications Code, Standards, And Practices 1, Based On The 2020 Nec Online Materials: Lesson 7 Introduction To Wiring Devices, All hardware used on conductors shall be high-tensile strength and zinc-plated. All bus joints shall be provided with Belleville-type washers. The primary means of insulation and isolation of main and vertical bus shall be by air gap. Minimal use of insulating material in addition to air gap shall be provided. Wiring/Terminations, Type XHHW conductors are listed for use in ? location (s). −2. Listed wire types designated with the suffix ? shall be permitted to be used at a continuous 90°C operating temperature in both wet and dry locations. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Utilization/ effects, Heat/ Electrical Insulation, Specific ..., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What are two recognized means of preventing injury during electrical equipment operations? I. Grounding II. Insulation III. Testing with an ohmmeter IV. Wearing gloves Select one: a. I and II b. I. and III. c. II. and III. d. II. and IV., The metal housing of a drill-motor is a(n) ? …, 5. The tap conductor will be confirmed as being a certified building wire identified in Chapter 3 of the NEC with a thermoplastic or thermoset insulation. 6. Any exposed end of the tap conductor shall be covered with a certified electrical insulating tape or equivalent means to provide suitable electrical insulation over exposed, Two of the most common insulations used on conductors covered by the NEC are thermoplastic and thermoset materials. Of course, there are many more types of insulation, and becoming familiar with the different types will help the user provide the correct conductor and insulation for their particular condition and usage., Study Code, Standards, and Practices 1, Based on the 2020 NEC Online Materials: Lesson 2 Interpreting the Language of the NEC—Article 100 flashcards from Jesus Felix's class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. Learn faster with spaced repetition. , The common factors that can contribute to conductor insulation degradation because of excessive operating temperature are the ____ temperature in which the conductor insulation shall operate, the ____ heat created in the conductor as a result of current flow, the dissipation rate of the heat into the surrounding environment, and the heat generated by adjacent current-carrying conductors. , Study Code, Standards, and Practices 1, Based on the 2020 NEC Online Materials: Lesson 5 General Building Wire Properties and the NEC flashcards from Jesus Felix's class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. Learn faster with spaced repetition., Electrical Code ® (NEC®) which uses Neher-McGrath method for calculation of the conductor ampacities. Conductor ampacity is presented in the tables along ... in conductor Watts generated in insulation (dielectric losses) 7 ¶F - Conductor temperature Conductor insulation Filler, binder tape and air space in cable Ws Watts generated in …, American Wire Gauge (AWG), also known as the Brown & Sharpe wire gauge, is a logarithmic stepped standardized wire gauge system used since 1857, predominantly in North America, for the diameters of round, solid, nonferrous, electrically conducting wire.Dimensions of the wires are given in ASTM standard B 258. The cross-sectional …